What Every Traveler Knows

How George Soros Knows What He Knows

In its traditional formulation as an explanatory principle, reflexivity means that any object of thought contains in itself the thinking activity that generates it. Applying the concept of reflexivity to the question of financial markets valuation, Soros concludes that economic reality is actively shaped by the perceptions of market participants. This leads him to a theory of investment radical...

How George Soros Knows What He Knows

In its traditional formulation as an explanatory principle, reflexivity means that any object of thought contains in itself the thinking activity that generates it. Applying the concept of reflexivity to the question of financial markets valuation, Soros concludes that economic reality is actively shaped by the perceptions of market participants. This leads him to a theory of investment radical...

"What the shadow knows".

To Know, What Life Knows

The field of semiotics is described as a general study of knowing. Knowing in a broad sense as a process that assumes (and includes) at least memory (together with heredity), anticipation, communication, meaningful information, and needs, is a distinctive feature of living systems. Sciences are distinguished accordingly into phi-sciences (that use physicalist methodology) and sigma-sciences (th...

What Everyone Knows About Attention

If intelligent computer programs are to represent and reason about mental states and processes, a critical first step is to characterize the content to be represented. Toward that goal, I sketch an outline of a folk psychology of one important mental process, attention. The everyday knowledge people have about their own and others’ attentional processes is characterized in a number of generaliz...